Searles Speech Acts An Analysis

Searles Speech Acts An Analysis Discuss Searles Speech Acts (include Felicity Conditions and Performatives) Searle took a philosophy of language approach to speech acts in an attempt to give philosophically illumination description of general features of language He aimed to answer various question in his approach; What is the difference between saying something and meaning it? How does the hearer understand what is meant? (Searle,1969). The term speech acts is used to define an utterance that has performative function in language and communication (Searle 1969) and was originally used by his mentor J.L. Austin in his theory of lectionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. Drawing on these linguistic practices of Austin, Searle used his framework to base his own thesis that talking is performing acts according to rules. In the next sections I shall refer to Searles main scope of speech acts in terms of linguistic categorization and a rule-governed language. When it comes to explaining speech acts Searle suggests three different concepts; rules, prepositions and meaning. He was particularly interested in the illocutionary act of promising performatives and so set out to describe these concepts based on the conditions of this performance of promising. As part of his theory of a rule-governed language Searle made a distinction between regulative and constitutive rules. In his book An essay of philosophy of language he states that regulative rules regulate independently existing forms of behaviourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ but constitutive rules do not merely regulate, they create or define new form of behaviour (Searle,1969). For example, take the rules of American football; the touchdown rule is constitutive versus the no taunting rule which is regulative. A second concept, prepositions, provide the content of the illocutionary act which can be used in different types of acts. For example, Lucy will you sit down Lucy, sit would you sit down Lucy? al l provide the same prepositional content even though they are different forms of illocutionary acts. In terms of meaning, Searle revised the ideas of Grice and proposed modification in insisting that not only is meaning rooted in the speakers intentions but also by a matter of convention (Searle,1969). Based on his ideas one can say that the speaker initially intends for the hearer to recognize his/her intention to produce that lectionary affect and secondly, he/she intends that this is indicated by the hearers understanding of the meaning words used in the context.   These intentions can only act jointly with conventions of words for affective communication (Elswyk,2014). The notion of promising is an action referred to as a performative. Searles theory of performatives is that some illocutionary acts can be performed by uttering a sentence containing an expression that names the type of speech act these are called performative utterances. He insisted on the importance of distinguishing between different kinds of performatives; utterances, verbs and sentences. For Searle, performatives can be used in different ways, one can use it to assert or make a declaration. For a speech act to achieve its purpose the correct conditions must be in place, these conditions are called felicity conditions. Thus, a sentence must be grammatical and felicitous to be performed correctly. Originally a concept by Austin, there are 3 types of felicity conditions; preparatory conditions, a sincerity condition and a fulfilment condition. Searle later refined this changing the fulfilment condition to essential condition and introduced a fourth condition called the propositional content condition. Consider this example:   I jokingly say to friends I know pronounce you man and wife I have not actually married them because I do not have the authority to these words to have the correct illocutionary force thus the speech act fails. The felicity conditions of marrying couples rely on the legal position of the speaker (Hogan, 2000). Searle offered characterizations of linguistic elements in attempt to give a clear depiction of the difference between one illocutionary force and another. There had been previous attempts by Austin to distinguish between such elements in which he established five basic acts; Verdictives, exercitives, commissives, expositives, behavitives. Searle ultimately believed that the taxonomy needs to be seriously revised because it contains several weaknesses. One major weakness being that Austin did not determine a clear principle or set of principles on which the taxonomy was based upon and thus there was overlap between categories (Searle,1976). Therefore, a new list of new categories he regarded as the basics of illocutionary acts were formed. Firstly; (1) declarations which effect immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs, I swear; (2) expressives which express a psychological state and how the speaker feels, e.g. congratulating; (3) commissives which is an act of getting the speaker to do something you require, e.g. threatening or promising; (4) directives which are attempt to get the addressee to do something, e.g. demanding. Finally; (5) assertives which represent the state of the situation, e.g. describing (Searle,1972). To summarise, Searles philosophic approach to speech acts proposes that speaking a language is a behaviour determined by constitutive rules. He further implies that one performs an illocutionary act by promising, directing and questioning and perlocutionary acts are affective if it has the correct effect on the hearer. These acts are governed by linguistic concepts and rules and successful communication can only occur if these are in place. Searle develops Austins ideas in a way that provides a clearer and in depth understanding of different kinds of speech acts and the role they play in speaking.

Language and Taboo Essay

Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing this letter to complain about the episode 3 from the Season 13 of Modern Family where the small girl Lilly uses the f-word over and over again. This is unacceptable and inappropriate! I as a parent don’t want my child to hear the vulgar language on TV. TV programs have a special kind of effect on the children. This is so because they find the TV actors to be their role models. They want to wear the same clothes, act the same way and even talk the same way – basically live up to them. That’s why the script writers of the Modern Family need to be use appropriate word to express the ideas. I fully acknowledge that the f-word was used on purpose. If there is no other way to make the show funny, but to use inappropriate words, then I am sorry. But you need to keep in mind that the show is for the whole family to watch. I am so loud about this issue because a serious problem rose up in our family after watching the episode. Me and my family were all sitting in our living room and watching â€Å"Modern family†. When Lilly dropped the f-bomb, my younger son started laughing hard. As soon as the episode finished, he got up and stated: â€Å"What a f****ing good show it was. It was f****ing funny†. I was left speechless. Me and my wife had an hour long talk with him to explain how bad the f-word is and that he cannot use it in any circumstances. After listening for the hour-long harassment he turned to me and kindly asked â€Å"Dad, why can’t I use that bad word if Lilly can? † Dear reader, do you see where I am leading to? Lilly just showed him that using the word is completely okay and that it makes people lough out of it. Lilly’s dad laughed at each every time she pronounced the word. This is not right. That shouldn’t have been the reaction from her dad. This made my younger son Erik think that using the curse language is natural and funny. After watching the last episode yesterday, he got even more interested in watching the next episode. He is anxiously waiting for it because there is a chance of learning some new â€Å"nasty† words. On the other side, as You can assume, I will not stand still and will not allow him to watch the next episode because it is inappropriate for his age. Apparently, one family after another will realize the impact of the show on their children and will stop viewing it. I am sorry to say but You will be at a loss. According to a study by a university, â€Å"children exposed to profanity in the media think that such language is normal, which may reduce their inhibitions about using profanity themselves†. The study has shown that the children who are exposed to the vulgar language more often are more aggressive verbally and even physically. I as a parent don’t want my son to be caught by police because of assaulting someone on the road. Also, Erik can be beaten up by some elder boys if they hear him swearing at them. If anything of this kind happens, the responsibility lies on You! According to another research at the University of Bristol, â€Å"Swearing provokes a physical stress response which will increase the blood pressure level†. If my son starts using the f-word over and over, he might have high pressure and become a physically misbalanced person. None of the parents would like their son or daughter to have high pressure because of watching â€Å"Modern Family†. â€Å"Modern Family† is a show which should reduce the pressure by easing the life. The whole point of the show is to show how the modern family is different from past and make jokes about it. But making a small girl swear gives a complete opposite impression. Being a parent in this situation is a very tough job. It is very important to say the right thing at that moment. If a wrong message is given, then the child may go out of control. We never faced any problems of this kind with our elder son and so it is the first time we are having such a serious and vital conversation at home. For the future episodes please use appropriate language so that we could sit with the whole family and watch the series together again. We used to enjoy doing it. But now I am afraid that we can’t do it anymore due to the fear of inappropriate language. We managed to erase the f-word from the head of our young kid this time, but I am afraid the next time we won’t be able to do it anymore. So, we would plead you to revise your scripts and remove all the inappropriate vocabulary out of it. It is a show for all of us and lets not make fun of the swear words and stay away from them. They are not needed. There are many other ways to make people laugh and I am sure that your editors will be able to come up with some better ways to make people laugh.

Nivea s Brand Architecture And Hierarchy Essay - 833 Words

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There Are Three Majors Of Ethical Study In Philosophy.

There are three majors of ethical study in philosophy. Based on three important pieces, which are â€Å"Nicomachean† by Aristotle which talks about virtue ethics, â€Å"Utilitarianism† by Mills which talks about Utilitarianism, and â€Å"simplified of Kants Ethics† by Onara O’neill, we can compare three types of ethics that is important to learn in philosophy of ethics. Starting with Aristotle idea of virtue ethics, which was written in Nicomachean Ethics. In the first book, Aristotle talks about the Human Goods, which divided into thirteen different sections. Aristotle believes that human activity aims some goods, which also refers to good to others rather than means to an ends. He also believes that ethics is part of politics. Ethics works with†¦show more content†¦Each one of them must have their own function. That what will make each individual unique, and using reason to act, which would be the best and most complete virtue, instead of using the reflection of acts or consequence. 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